Pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal. The UE may determine pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. The UE may apply analog modulation and the pre-equalization parameters to the data block to form the unencoded uplink signal and transmit the unencoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an over the air computation operation. The UE may determine a plurality of channel inversion coefficients based on the indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the unencoded uplink signal, measuring one or more reference signals, receiving an indication of an inversion granularity, receiving an inversion coefficient power threshold, or any combination thereof.

CROSS REFERENCE

The present Application is a 371 national stage filing of InternationalPCT Application No. PCT/CN2020/113677 by LI et al. entitled“PRE-EQUALIZATION AND POWER CONTROL FOR OVER-THE-AIR MODEL AGGREGATIONIN FEDERATED LEARNING,” filed Sep. 7, 2020, which is assigned to theassignee hereof, and which is expressly incorporated by reference in itsentirety herein.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The following relates to wireless communications, includingpre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide varioustypes of communication content such as voice, video, packet data,messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable ofsupporting communication with multiple users by sharing the availablesystem resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of suchmultiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such asLong Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, orLTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may bereferred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employtechnologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time divisionmultiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA),orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discreteFourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system mayinclude one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes,each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communicationdevices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).

A group of UEs may be configured to update a global or general datamodel based on a plurality of local data models. In some cases, thegroup of UEs may transmit uplink signals to a base station or an edgeserver, but the received power of the uplink signals may be low due tochannel fading.

SUMMARY

The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices,and apparatuses that support pre-equalization and power control forover-the-air model aggregation in federated learning. Generally, thedescribed techniques provide for reducing latency by determining andapplying pre-equalization parameters to a data block to form anunencoded uplink signal. In some cases, the pre-equalization parametersmay include a transmit power scaling factor and/or a plurality ofchannel inversion coefficients. For example, a user equipment (UE) mayreceive a control message indicating a transmit power scaling factor(e.g., a UE-group-specific transmit power scaling factor) and transmitthe unencoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factorand according to an over the air computation operation.

For example, a UE may receive an indication of a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal. The UE maydetermine pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencodeduplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. The UE mayapply analog modulation and the pre-equalization parameters to the datablock to form the unencoded uplink signal and transmit the unencodeduplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or moreother UEs according to an over the air computation operation. The UE maydetermine a plurality of channel inversion coefficients based on theindication of the configuration for processing the data block into theunencoded uplink signal, measuring one or more reference signals,receiving an indication of an inversion granularity, receiving aninversion coefficient power threshold, or any combination thereof.

A method of wireless communication at a UE is described. The method mayinclude receiving an indication of a configuration for processing a datablock into an unencoded uplink signal, determining, based on theindication of the configuration, pre-equalization parameterscorresponding to the unencoded uplink signal, applying analog modulationand the pre-equalization parameters to the data block to form theunencoded uplink signal, and transmitting the unencoded uplink signal onoverlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEsaccording to an over the air computation operation.

An apparatus for wireless communication at a UE is described. Theapparatus may include a processor, memory coupled with the processor,and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions may beexecutable by the processor to cause the apparatus to receive anindication of a configuration for processing a data block into anunencoded uplink signal, determine, based on the indication of theconfiguration, pre-equalization parameters corresponding to theunencoded uplink signal, apply analog modulation and thepre-equalization parameters to the data block to form the unencodeduplink signal, and transmit the unencoded uplink signal on overlappingtime-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an overthe air computation operation.

Another apparatus for wireless communication at a UE is described. Theapparatus may include means for receiving an indication of aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal, determining, based on the indication of the configuration,pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencoded uplinksignal, applying analog modulation and the pre-equalization parametersto the data block to form the unencoded uplink signal, and transmittingthe unencoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources withone or more other UEs according to an over the air computationoperation.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wirelesscommunication at a UE is described. The code may include instructionsexecutable by a processor to receive an indication of a configurationfor processing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal, determine,based on the indication of the configuration, pre-equalizationparameters corresponding to the unencoded uplink signal, apply analogmodulation and the pre-equalization parameters to the data block to formthe unencoded uplink signal, and transmit the unencoded uplink signal onoverlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEsaccording to an over the air computation operation.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, determining thepre-equalization parameters may include operations, features, means, orinstructions for determining a set of channel inversion coefficientsbased on the indication of the configuration for processing the datablock into the unencoded uplink signal.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, determining the set ofchannel inversion coefficients may include operations, features, means,or instructions for measuring one or more reference signals, the one ormore reference signals including a channel state information referencesignal or a synchronization signal block, and calculating the set ofchannel inversion coefficients based on measuring the one or morereference signals.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for determining the one ormore references signals based on a transmission configuration indicationindicated by an uplink grant scheduling the unencoded uplink signal.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, determining the set ofchannel inversion coefficients may include operations, features, means,or instructions for receiving an indication of an inversion granularitycorresponding to a frequency domain size for which inversioncoefficients remain constant.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, determining the set ofchannel inversion coefficients may include operations, features, means,or instructions for receiving an indication of an inversion coefficientpower threshold.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the indication of theinversion coefficient power threshold may be based on a UE capabilityreport.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for determining that aninversion coefficient power for one or more channel inversioncoefficients of the set of channel inversion coefficients exceeds theinversion coefficient power threshold.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for scaling, for a timeperiod corresponding to the inversion coefficient power exceeding theinversion coefficient power threshold, the one or more channel inversioncoefficients based on determining that the inversion coefficient powerfor the one or more channel inversion coefficients of the set of channelinversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient powerthreshold.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for refraining fromtransmitting, for a time period corresponding to the inversioncoefficient power exceeding the inversion coefficient power threshold,the one or more channel inversion coefficients based on determining thatthe inversion coefficient power for the one or more channel inversioncoefficients of the set of channel inversion coefficients exceeds theinversion coefficient power threshold.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for reporting on a feedbackchannel an indication of one or more time periods for whichtransmissions of channel inversion coefficients may have been stopped orscaled based on determining that the inversion coefficient power for theone or more channel inversion coefficients of the set of channelinversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient powerthreshold.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the indication of theconfiguration for processing the data block into the unencoded uplinksignal further may include operations, features, means, or instructionsfor an indication of the set of channel inversion coefficients.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for receiving an indicationof a transmit power scaling factor, and transmitting the unencodeduplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, receiving the indication ofthe transmit power scaling factor further may include operations,features, means, or instructions for receiving a control messageindicating a UE-group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the control message includesa group-common DCI, a medium access control (MAC) control element(MAC-CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for measuring one or morereference signals, calculating a reference signal received power basedon the one or more measured reference signals, and transmitting theunencoded uplink signal based on the reference signal received power.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, receiving the indication ofthe transmit power scaling factor further may include operations,features, means, or instructions for receiving a decibel (dB) valuecorresponding to the calculated RSRP.

A method of wireless communication at a base station is described. Themethod may include determining a configuration for processing a datablock into an unencoded uplink signal, transmitting, based on theconfiguration, an indication of the configuration to a first UE,receiving a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs including the firstUE on overlapping time-frequency resources between the set of UEs, anddetermining, based on the indication of the configuration, an indicationof the unencoded uplink signal according to an over the air computationoperation.

An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station is described.The apparatus may include a processor, memory coupled with theprocessor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions maybe executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to determine aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal, transmit, based on the configuration, an indication of theconfiguration to a first UE, receive a superimposed waveform from a setof UEs including the first UE on overlapping time-frequency resourcesbetween the set of UEs, and determine, based on the indication of theconfiguration, an indication of the unencoded uplink signal according toan over the air computation operation.

Another apparatus for wireless communication at a base station isdescribed. The apparatus may include means for determining aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal, transmitting, based on the configuration, an indication of theconfiguration to a first UE, receiving a superimposed waveform from aset of UEs including the first UE on overlapping time-frequencyresources between the set of UEs, and determining, based on theindication of the configuration, an indication of the unencoded uplinksignal according to an over the air computation operation.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wirelesscommunication at a base station is described. The code may includeinstructions executable by a processor to determine a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal, transmit, basedon the configuration, an indication of the configuration to a first UE,receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs including the first UEon overlapping time-frequency resources between the set of UEs, anddetermine, based on the indication of the configuration, an indicationof the unencoded uplink signal according to an over the air computationoperation.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the unencoded uplink signalincludes a set of channel inversion coefficients.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting one ormore reference signals, the one or more reference signals including achannel state information reference signal or a synchronization signalblock, and receiving the unencoded uplink signal including the set ofchannel inversion coefficients, where the set of channel inversioncoefficients may be based on the one or more reference signals.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting atransmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grantscheduling the unencoded uplink signal, and transmitting the one or morereference signals based on the transmission configuration indication.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting anindication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequencydomain size for which inversion coefficients remain constant, andreceiving the unencoded uplink signal including the set of channelinversion coefficients, where the set of channel inversion coefficientsmay be based on the inversion granularity.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting anindication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the indication of theinversion coefficient power threshold may be based on a UE capabilityreport.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for receiving on a feedbackchannel an indication of one or more time periods for whichtransmissions of channel inversion coefficients may have been stopped orscaled based on determining that an inversion coefficient power for oneor more channel inversion coefficients of the set of channel inversioncoefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting anindication of the set of channel inversion coefficients, and receivingthe unencoded uplink signal including the set of channel inversioncoefficients.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting anindication of a transmit power scaling factor, and receiving theunencoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the indicationof the transmit power scaling factor further may include operations,features, means, or instructions for transmitting a control messageindicating a UE-group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the control message includesa group-common DCI, a medium access control (MAC) control element(MAC-CE), or a RRC message.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting one ormore reference signals, and receiving the unencoded uplink signal basedon a reference signal received power corresponding to the one or morereference signals.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the indicationof the transmit power scaling factor further may include operations,features, means, or instructions for transmitting a decibel (dB) valuecorresponding to the reference signal received power.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a system for wireless communicationsthat supports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an over the air computation techniquethat supports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a federated learning technique thatsupports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a process flow that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show block diagrams of devices that supportpre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that supportpre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 13 through 16 show flowcharts illustrating methods that supportpre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some wireless communications systems, a user equipment (UE) may beconfigured to transmit data to a network device (e.g., an edge server, aremote parameter server, a base station, etc.). In such systems, thedata may include gradients or parameters corresponding to a local datamodel (e.g., an artificial intelligence or machine learning model), andthe network device may aggregate data from multiple UEs to generate aglobal or general data model. In some cases, a plurality of UEs maytransmit data to the network device across a shared channel (e.g., amultiple access channel (MAC)) as part of an air computation procedurewhich may support data aggregation. The plurality of UEs may determinepre-equalization parameters (e.g., channel inversion coefficients,pre-equalization coefficients, transmit power, etc.) as part of the aircomputation procedure. However, the plurality of UEs may lack thecoordination or configuration capabilities to accurately or efficientlydetermine the pre-equalization parameters. This may prevent the networkdevice from receiving or aggregating the data from the plurality of UEs,which may increase latency and degrade system performance.

Various aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques fortransmitting data and determining pre-equalization parameters in thecontext of over the air computation, federated learning, distributedcomputation, or large datasets. Pre-equalization parameters may includechannel inversion coefficients and/or a transmit power scaling factor.For example, a UE may receive a control message (e.g., a radio resourcecontrol (RRC) message, a MAC control element (MAC-CE), or a downlinkcontrol information (DCI)) and determine pre-equalization parameters foran uplink transmission based on the control message. In some cases, thecontrol message may indicate one or more reference signals, an inversiongranularity corresponding to a frequency domain size, an inversioncoefficient power threshold, a plurality of inversion coefficients, orany combination of these parameters. In some examples, the controlmessage may indicate a transmit power scaling factor. The transmit powerscaling factor may be UE-group-specific, which may reduce the variationin channel inversion power and/or improve the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) received at the network device.

Such techniques may include receiving an indication of a configurationfor processing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal at a UE anddetermining, based on the indication of the configuration,pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencoded uplinksignal. The pre-equalization parameters may include channel inversioncoefficients or a UE-group-specific transmit power scaling factor. TheUE may apply analog modulation and the pre-equalization parameters tothe data block to form the unencoded uplink signal, and the unencodeduplink signal may be transmitted across a shared channel according to anover the air computation operation. Applying analog modulation maysupport utilizing the waveform-superposition property of shared channelsto support over the air aggregation, which may reduce communicationlatency and improve system performance.

Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context ofwireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are thendescribed with reference to an over the air computation technique, afederated learning technique, and a process flow. Aspects of thedisclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference toapparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate topre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100that supports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may includeone or more base stations 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be aLong Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, anLTE-A Pro network, or a New Radio (NR) network. In some examples, thewireless communications system 100 may support enhanced broadbandcommunications, ultra-reliable (e.g., mission critical) communications,low latency communications, communications with low-cost andlow-complexity devices, or any combination thereof.

The base stations 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area toform the wireless communications system 100 and may be devices indifferent forms or having different capabilities. The base stations 105and the UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via one or more communicationlinks 125. Each base station 105 may provide a coverage area 110 overwhich the UEs 115 and the base station 105 may establish one or morecommunication links 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of ageographic area over which a base station 105 and a UE 115 may supportthe communication of signals according to one or more radio accesstechnologies. A base station 105 may support over the air modelaggregation for federated learning. A base station 105 may correspond toa remote parameter server, an edge server, an application server, acommunication server, or the like.

The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of thewireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary,or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices indifferent forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115are illustrated in FIG. 1 . The UEs 115 described herein may be able tocommunicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115, thebase stations 105, or network equipment (e.g., core network nodes, relaydevices, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, or other networkequipment), as shown in FIG. 1 .

The base stations 105 may communicate with the core network 130, or withone another, or both. For example, the base stations 105 may interfacewith the core network 130 through one or more backhaul links 120 (e.g.,via an S1, N2, N3, or other interface). The base stations 105 maycommunicate with one another over the backhaul links 120 (e.g., via anX2, Xn, or other interface) either directly (e.g., directly between basestations 105), or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130), or both. Insome examples, the backhaul links 120 may be or include one or morewireless links.

One or more of the base stations 105 described herein may include or maybe referred to by a person having ordinary skill in the art as a basetransceiver station, a radio base station, an access point, a radiotransceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or agiga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a Home NodeB,a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology.

A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, awireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriberdevice, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may alsobe referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, amongother examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as apersonal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personalcomputer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as awireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device,an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications(MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in variousobjects such as appliances, or vehicles, meters, among other examples.

The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with varioustypes of devices, such as other UEs 115 that may sometimes act as relaysas well as the base stations 105 and the network equipment includingmacro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations,among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1 .

The UEs 115 and the base stations 105 may wirelessly communicate withone another via one or more communication links 125 over one or morecarriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of radio frequencyspectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure forsupporting the communication links 125. For example, a carrier used fora communication link 125 may include a portion of a radio frequencyspectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated accordingto one or more physical layer channels for a given radio accesstechnology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each physical layerchannel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals,system information), control signaling that coordinates operation forthe carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communicationssystem 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrieraggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured withmultiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink componentcarriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrieraggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) andtime division duplexing (TDD) component carriers.

In some examples (e.g., in a carrier aggregation configuration), acarrier may also have acquisition signaling or control signaling thatcoordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associatedwith a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobiletelecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absoluteradio frequency channel number (EARFCN)) and may be positioned accordingto a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may beoperated in a standalone mode where initial acquisition and connectionmay be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may beoperated in a non-standalone mode where a connection is anchored using adifferent carrier (e.g., of the same or a different radio accesstechnology).

The communication links 125 shown in the wireless communications system100 may include uplink transmissions from a UE 115 to a base station105, or downlink transmissions from a base station 105 to a UE 115.Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDDmode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications(e.g., in a TDD mode).

A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the radiofrequency spectrum, and in some examples the carrier bandwidth may bereferred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wirelesscommunications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be oneof a number of determined bandwidths for carriers of a particular radioaccess technology (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz(MHz)). Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., thebase stations 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardwareconfigurations that support communications over a particular carrierbandwidth or may be configurable to support communications over one of aset of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communicationssystem 100 may include base stations 105 or UEs 115 that supportsimultaneous communications via carriers associated with multiplecarrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may beconfigured for operating over portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or allof a carrier bandwidth.

Signal waveforms transmitted over a carrier may be made up of multiplesubcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques suchas orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fouriertransform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCMtechniques, a resource element may consist of one symbol period (e.g., aduration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbolperiod and subcarrier spacing are inversely related. The number of bitscarried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme(e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of themodulation scheme, or both). Thus, the more resource elements that a UE115 receives and the higher the order of the modulation scheme, thehigher the data rate may be for the UE 115. A wireless communicationsresource may refer to a combination of a radio frequency spectrumresource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., spatial layersor beams), and the use of multiple spatial layers may further increasethe data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.

One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, where anumerology may include a subcarrier spacing (Δf) and a cyclic prefix. Acarrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same ordifferent numerologies. In some examples, a UE 115 may be configuredwith multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may beactive at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may berestricted to one or more active BWPs.

The time intervals for the base stations 105 or the UEs 115 may beexpressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example,refer to a sampling period of T_(s)=1/(Δf_(max)·N_(f)) seconds, whereΔf_(max) may represent the maximum supported subcarrier spacing, andN_(f) may represent the maximum supported discrete Fourier transform(DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organizedaccording to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system framenumber (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes orslots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In someexamples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) intosubframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a number ofslots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of slots,and the number of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot mayinclude a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of thecyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wirelesscommunications systems 100, a slot may further be divided into multiplemini-slots containing one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix,each symbol period may contain one or more (e.g., N_(f)) samplingperiods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrierspacing or frequency band of operation.

A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallestscheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wirelesscommunications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission timeinterval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., the number ofsymbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally or alternatively,the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

Physical channels may be multiplexed on a carrier according to varioustechniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel maybe multiplexed on a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more oftime division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency divisionmultiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A controlregion (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical controlchannel may be defined by a number of symbol periods and may extendacross the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of thecarrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configuredfor a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 maymonitor or search control regions for control information according toone or more search space sets, and each search space set may include oneor multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levelsarranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a controlchannel candidate may refer to a number of control channel resources(e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encodedinformation for a control information format having a given payloadsize. Search space sets may include common search space sets configuredfor sending control information to multiple UEs 115 and UE-specificsearch space sets for sending control information to a specific UE 115.

Each base station 105 may provide communication coverage via one or morecells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or othertypes of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer toa logical communication entity used for communication with a basestation 105 (e.g., over a carrier) and may be associated with anidentifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cellidentifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID), or others). In someexamples, a cell may also refer to a geographic coverage area 110 or aportion of a geographic coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over whichthe logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range fromsmaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areasdepending on various factors such as the capabilities of the basestation 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subsetof a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with geographiccoverage areas 110, among other examples.

A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g.,several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by theUEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider supportingthe macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a lower-powered basestation 105, as compared with a macro cell, and a small cell may operatein the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands asmacro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115with service subscriptions with the network provider or may providerestricted access to the UEs 115 having an association with the smallcell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), the UEs 115associated with users in a home or office). A base station 105 maysupport one or multiple cells and may also support communications overthe one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.

In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and differentcells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g.,MTC, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) that mayprovide access for different types of devices.

In some examples, a base station 105 may be movable and thereforeprovide communication coverage for a moving geographic coverage area110. In some examples, different geographic coverage areas 110associated with different technologies may overlap, but the differentgeographic coverage areas 110 may be supported by the same base station105. In other examples, the overlapping geographic coverage areas 110associated with different technologies may be supported by differentbase stations 105. The wireless communications system 100 may include,for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of thebase stations 105 provide coverage for various geographic coverage areas110 using the same or different radio access technologies.

The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous orasynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the base stations 105may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different basestations 105 may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronousoperation, the base stations 105 may have different frame timings, andtransmissions from different base stations 105 may, in some examples,not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used foreither synchronous or asynchronous operations.

Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be low cost or lowcomplexity devices and may provide for automated communication betweenmachines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication). M2Mcommunication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies thatallow devices to communicate with one another or a base station 105without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTCmay include communications from devices that integrate sensors or metersto measure or capture information and relay such information to acentral server or application program that makes use of the informationor presents the information to humans interacting with the applicationprogram. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enableautomated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples ofapplications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventorymonitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcaremonitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological eventmonitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing,physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reducepower consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode thatsupports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but nottransmission and reception simultaneously). In some examples,half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate.Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 include entering apower saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications,operating over a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowbandcommunications), or a combination of these techniques. For example, someUEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol typethat is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set ofsubcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within aguard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.

The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to supportultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or variouscombinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latencycommunications (URLLC) or mission critical communications. The UEs 115may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or criticalfunctions (e.g., mission critical functions). Ultra-reliablecommunications may include private communication or group communicationand may be supported by one or more mission critical services such asmission critical push-to-talk (MCPTT), mission critical video (MCVideo),or mission critical data (MCData). Support for mission criticalfunctions may include prioritization of services, and mission criticalservices may be used for public safety or general commercialapplications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, mission critical,and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

In some examples, a UE 115 may also be able to communicate directly withother UEs 115 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135(e.g., using a peer-to-peer (P2P) or D2D protocol). One or more UEs 115utilizing D2D communications may be within the geographic coverage area110 of a base station 105. Other UEs 115 in such a group may be outsidethe geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 105 or be otherwiseunable to receive transmissions from a base station 105. In someexamples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications mayutilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each UE 115 transmits toevery other UE 115 in the group. In some examples, a base station 105facilitates the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In othercases, D2D communications are carried out between the UEs 115 withoutthe involvement of a base station 105.

In some systems, the D2D communication link 135 may be an example of acommunication channel, such as a sidelink communication channel, betweenvehicles (e.g., UEs 115). In some examples, vehicles may communicateusing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signalinformation related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather,safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system.In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadsideinfrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one ormore network nodes (e.g., base stations 105) using vehicle-to-network(V2N) communications, or with both.

The core network 130 may provide user authentication, accessauthorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and otheraccess, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be anevolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at leastone control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., amobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility managementfunction (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packetsor interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), aPacket Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function(UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS)functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management forthe UEs 115 served by the base stations 105 associated with the corenetwork 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user planeentity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as otherfunctions. The user plane entity may be connected to the networkoperators IP services 150. The network operators IP services 150 mayinclude access to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem(IMS), or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.

Some of the network devices, such as a base station 105, may includesubcomponents such as an access network entity 140, which may be anexample of an access node controller (ANC). Each access network entity140 may communicate with the UEs 115 through one or more other accessnetwork transmission entities 145, which may be referred to as radioheads, smart radio heads, or transmission/reception points (TRPs). Eachaccess network transmission entity 145 may include one or more antennapanels. In some configurations, various functions of each access networkentity 140 or base station 105 may be distributed across various networkdevices (e.g., radio heads and ANCs) or consolidated into a singlenetwork device (e.g., a base station 105).

The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or morefrequency bands, typically in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known asthe ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because thewavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter inlength. The UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings andenvironmental features, but the waves may penetrate structuressufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 locatedindoors. The transmission of UHF waves may be associated with smallerantennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than 100 kilometers) compared totransmission using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the highfrequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrumbelow 300 MHz.

The wireless communications system 100 may also operate in a super highfrequency (SHF) region using frequency bands from 3 GHz to 30 GHz, alsoknown as the centimeter band, or in an extremely high frequency (EHF)region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as themillimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115and the base stations 105, and EHF antennas of the respective devicesmay be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In someexamples, this may facilitate use of antenna arrays within a device. Thepropagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to evengreater atmospheric attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHFtransmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed acrosstransmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, anddesignated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ bycountry or regulating body.

The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed andunlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands. For example, the wirelesscommunications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA),LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology in anunlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical(ISM) band. When operating in unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands,devices such as the base stations 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carriersensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples,operations in unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregationconfiguration in conjunction with component carriers operating in alicensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations in unlicensed spectrum may includedownlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2Dtransmissions, among other examples.

A base station 105 or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas,which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity,receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications,or beamforming. The antennas of a base station 105 or a UE 115 may belocated within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which maysupport MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example,one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located atan antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples,antennas or antenna arrays associated with a base station 105 may belocated in diverse geographic locations. A base station 105 may have anantenna array with a number of rows and columns of antenna ports thatthe base station 105 may use to support beamforming of communicationswith a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may have one or more antenna arraysthat may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally oralternatively, an antenna panel may support radio frequency beamformingfor a signal transmitted via an antenna port.

The base stations 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications toexploit multipath signal propagation and increase the spectralefficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via differentspatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatialmultiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted bythe transmitting device via different antennas or different combinationsof antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by thereceiving device via different antennas or different combinations ofantennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separatespatial stream and may carry bits associated with the same data stream(e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., differentcodewords). Different spatial layers may be associated with differentantenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMOtechniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), where multiple spatiallayers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-userMIMO (MU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted tomultiple devices.

Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering,directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signalprocessing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or areceiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) to shape or steeran antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatialpath between the transmitting device and the receiving device.Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated viaantenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagatingat particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experienceconstructive interference while others experience destructiveinterference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antennaelements may include a transmitting device or a receiving deviceapplying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carriedvia the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustmentsassociated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by abeamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g.,with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device orreceiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).

A base station 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as partof beam forming operations. For example, a base station 105 may usemultiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conductbeamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115.Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beamselection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by abase station 105 multiple times in different directions. For example,the base station 105 may transmit a signal according to differentbeamforming weight sets associated with different directions oftransmission. Transmissions in different beam directions may be used toidentify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a base station 105, orby a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for latertransmission or reception by the base station 105.

Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particularreceiving device, may be transmitted by a base station 105 in a singlebeam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device,such as a UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated withtransmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on asignal that was transmitted in one or more beam directions. For example,a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the basestation 105 in different directions and may report to the base station105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highestsignal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.

In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a base station 105or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and thedevice may use a combination of digital precoding or radio frequencybeamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from abase station 105 to a UE 115). The UE 115 may report feedback thatindicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and thefeedback may correspond to a configured number of beams across a systembandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The base station 105 may transmit areference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), achannel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)), which may beprecoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beamselection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) orcodebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linearcombination type codebook, a port selection type codebook). Althoughthese techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted inone or more directions by a base station 105, a UE 115 may employsimilar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times in differentdirections (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequenttransmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal ina single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device).

A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may try multiple receiveconfigurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving varioussignals from the base station 105, such as synchronization signals,reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. Forexample, a receiving device may try multiple receive directions byreceiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing receivedsignals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving accordingto different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., differentdirectional listening weight sets) applied to signals received atmultiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing receivedsignals according to different receive beamforming weight sets appliedto signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array,any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to differentreceive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, areceiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive alonga single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The singlereceive configuration may be aligned in a beam direction determinedbased on listening according to different receive configurationdirections (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signalstrength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptablesignal quality based on listening according to multiple beamdirections).

The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based networkthat operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane,communications at the bearer or Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)layer may be IP-based. A Radio Link Control (RLC) layer may performpacket segmentation and reassembly to communicate over logical channels.A Medium Access Control (MAC) layer may perform priority handling andmultiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layermay also use error detection techniques, error correction techniques, orboth to support retransmissions at the MAC layer to improve linkefficiency. In the control plane, the Radio Resource Control (RRC)protocol layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenanceof an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a base station 105 or a corenetwork 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. At thephysical layer, transport channels may be mapped to physical channels.

The UEs 115 and the base stations 105 may support retransmissions ofdata to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully.Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique forincreasing the likelihood that data is received correctly over acommunication link 125. HARQ may include a combination of errordetection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward errorcorrection (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request(ARQ)). HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in poor radioconditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise conditions). In some examples, adevice may support same-slot HARQ feedback, where the device may provideHARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received in a previous symbolin the slot. In other cases, the device may provide HARQ feedback in asubsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.

A UE 115 may receive an indication of a configuration for processing adata block into an unencoded uplink signal. The UE 115 may determinepre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencoded uplink signalbased on the indication of the configuration. The UE 115 may applyanalog modulation (e.g., amplitude modulation, frequency modulation,phase modulation, etc.) and the pre-equalization parameters to the datablock to form the unencoded uplink signal and transmit the unencodeduplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or moreother UEs 115 according to an over the air computation operation. The UE115 may determine a plurality of channel inversion coefficients based onthe indication of the configuration for processing the data block intothe unencoded uplink signal, measuring one or more reference signals,receiving an indication of an inversion granularity, receiving aninversion coefficient power threshold, or any combination of theseaspects.

Each UE 115 of a plurality of UEs 115 may train a local neural networkbased on a local dataset and transmit parameters or gradients of thelocal neural network to a base station 105 as part of a distributedlearning process (e.g., federated learning, federated edge learning).The parameters or gradients may be signaled to the base station 105across a shared channel (e.g., a MAC) via concurrent analogtransmissions to take advantage of the signal-superposition property ofthe shared channel. Leveraging the signal-superposition property of theshared channel may constitute an over-the-air computation procedure,which may support the base station 105 in efficiently aggregating oraveraging the signaled parameters or gradients. The base station 105 mayupdate a global neural network (e.g., a general neural network) based onthe aggregated or averaged parameters or gradients, and the base station105 may broadcast an indication of the updated model to the plurality ofUEs 115 for further training.

This process of training neural networks at UEs 115, transmittingparameters or gradients of the neural networks to the base station 105,and receiving an indication of an updated global model from the basestation 105 may be considered a communication round. Communicationrounds may continue until the base station 105 determines that theglobal model converges (e.g., the loss of the global model approaches aminima with a decreasing trend), and the base station 105 may refrainfrom broadcasting an indication of the updated model to the plurality ofUEs 115 based on determining that the global model has converged.Performing a distributed learning process may improve data security andprivacy, as UEs 115 may transmit neural network parameters or gradientsto a base station 105 instead of raw data. Additionally, an over-the-aircomputation procedure for concurrent analog transmissions may harnessthe signal-superposition property of a shared channel, thereby improvingsystem efficiency.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an over the air computation technique200 that supports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-airmodel aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects ofthe present disclosure. In some examples, the over the air computationtechnique 200 may implement aspects of wireless communication system100. The over the air computation technique 200 may include a networkdevice 205 (e.g., a base station, an edge server, a remote parameterserver, etc.), which may be an example of a base station 105 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 1 , as well as UE 115-a, UE 115-b, andUE 115-c, which may be examples of UEs 115 as described with referenceto FIG. 1 .

A plurality of UEs 115 s (e.g., UE 115-a, UE 115-b, and UE 115-c) maytransmit data to the network device 205 based on the transmitter design215. The transmitter design 215 may apply analog modulation andpre-equalization to a data block to form an unencoded uplink signal, andthe unencoded uplink signal may be transmitted to the network device 205across a shared channel (e.g., a multiple access channel). Transmittingunencoded uplink signals across a shared channel may support over theair computation, which may reduce data transmission latency and decreasethe amount of radio resources consumed.

UE 115-a may be associated with radio resources 210-a, UE 115-b may beassociated with radio resources 210-b, and UE 115-c may be associatedwith radio resources 210-c. The radio resources 210-a, 210-b, and 210-cmay partially or fully overlap (e.g., may correspond to the same timeand frequency resources) and correspond to a multiple access channel.The UEs 115 may apply pre-equalization parameters (e.g., channelinversion coefficients, transmit power scaling) to the unencoded uplinksignal to improve signal characteristics (e.g., the received signalpower at the network device 205, the signal-to-noise ratio, etc.), whichmay improve the efficiency of aggregating and/or averaging the datareceived at the network device 205.

A UE 115-a may process a data block according to the transmitter design215. The transmitter design 215 may apply analog modulation (e.g.,analog amplitude modulation) to a data block at 220-a, performserial-to-parallel conversion at 220-b, perform truncated channelinversion at 220-c, perform inversion Fast Fourier Transformation (IFFT)at 220-a, add a cyclic prefix (CP) and perform parallel-to-serialconversion at 220-e, and the resulting data may be transmitted to thenetwork device via a carrier (e.g., a multiple access channel). In somecases, the UEs 115 may transmit parameters or gradients of a data model(e.g., a neural network) to the network device 205, however suchtechniques may also be applicable to other scenarios such as distributedsensor measurements, among others.

A network device 205 may process a superimposed waveform according tothe receiver design 225. The network device 205 may remove the CP andperform parallel-to-serial conversion at 230-a, perform Fast FourierTransformation (FFT) at 230-b, perform parallel-to-serial conversion at230-c, and average the aggregate parameters or gradients (e.g., dividethe aggregate parameters and/or gradients by the number of UEs 115(e.g., K)) at 230-d. As such, the network device 205 may receive one ormore aggregate values (e.g., aggregate parameters, aggregate edgeweights, aggregate gradients, etc.) corresponding to the aggregation ofvalues from the UEs 115 and average the aggregate values by diving theaggregate values by the number of UEs 115 transmitting data (e.g.,parameters and/or gradients) on the shared channel. The network device205 may update parameters or gradients of a global data model based onthe aggregate or average values and transmit (e.g., broadcast) theupdated parameters and/or gradients to the UEs 115.

A network device 205 may configure a UE 115 to identify or determine oneor more parameters related to the processing or transmission of theunencoded uplink signal (e.g., a plurality of channel inversioncoefficients). For example, the network device 205 may transmit acontrol message (e.g., an RRC message, a MAC-CE, a DCI, etc.) to the UE115, and the control message may configure the UE 115 to determine theplurality of channel inversion coefficients. In some cases, the UE 115may determine the plurality of channel inversion coefficients based on areference signal (e.g., a CSI-RS, an SSB-index, etc.). In some examples,the UE 115-a may identify the refence signal based on a transmissionconfiguration indicator (TCI)-state indication of an uplink grantscheduling the unencoded uplink signal (e.g., a PUSCH transmitting theover the air computation signal). The TCI-state may link a CSI-RS orSSB-index, and the UE 115 may determine the plurality of channelinversion coefficients based on the CSI-RS or SSB-index. In someexamples, the unencoded uplink signal may be based on a configured grant(CG)-PUSCH and the UE 115 may identify the reference signal based on anRRC message.

In some cases, the network device 205 may indicate the plurality ofchannel inversion coefficients to the UE 115. In some examples, thenetwork device 205 may explicitly indicate the plurality of channelinversion coefficients and indicate a sounding reference signal (SRS)resource indicator (SRI). The plurality of indicated channel inversioncoefficients may correspond to a frequency range (e.g., a tone, asubband (SB), a wideband (WB)). In some cases, the network device 205may indicate different channel inversion coefficients for differentfrequency ranges.

In some cases, the UE 115 may determine the plurality of channelinversion coefficients based on an inversion granularity correspondingto the frequency domain. For example, the inversion granularity mayindicate an amount or a length of bandwidth for which the channelinversion coefficients remain constant. In some examples, the inversiongranularity may correspond to a tone, a SB, a WB, or the like. Thenetwork device 205 may indicate the size of a SB to the UEs 115 (e.g.,as part of a control message).

In some cases, the UE 115 may determine the plurality of channelinversion coefficients based on one or more inversion power thresholds.In some examples, an inversion power threshold may correspond to afrequency range (e.g., a tone, an SB, a WB), and in some additional oralternative examples, an inversion power threshold may be based on acapability report (e.g., a power class) of a UE 115. In some cases, theUE 115 may identify a number of time periods (e.g., symbols) for whichthe inversion power (e.g., the power of an inversion coefficient, thepower of a channel inversion coefficient) exceeds the inversion powerthreshold. The UE may refrain from transmitting in the identified timeperiods or scale the transmission in the identified time periods by theinversion power threshold. In some cases, the UE 115 may report the timeperiods for which transmissions are refrained or scaled.

A network device 205 may configure a UE 115 for transmit power scaling.In some cases, the network device 205 may configure a UE 115 with atransmit power scaling factor (e.g., a UE-group-specific transmit powerscaling factor). The UE 115 may scale the plurality of channel inversioncoefficients by the transmit power scaling factor, which may improve theSNR at the network device 205.

In some cases, the transmit power scaling factor may be indicated to agroup of UEs (e.g., UE 115-a and UE 115-c) via a control message (e.g.,a group-common DCI, a MAC-CE, an RRC message). The transmit powerscaling factor may be a decibel (dB) value referring to a referencesignal received power (RSRP)-result calculated from an CSI-RS or an SSB.The CSI-RS or SSB may be used by the UEs to determine the channelinversion coefficients. In some cases, the transmit power scaling factormay be signaled to the UEs 115 with the configuration of the CSI-RS orSSB. For example, a single CSI-RS may be used for both a first group ofUEs 115 near the network device 205 (e.g., UE 115-b) and a second groupof UEs 115 farther from the network device 205 (e.g., UE 115-a and UE115-c), but the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs may beconfigured with different transmit power scaling factors. In someadditional or alternative examples, the first group of UEs and thesecond group of UEs may use separate PUSCHs, which may decrease thetransmit power used by the second group of UEs (e.g., the group of UEsthat are farther from the network device 205). Scheduling differentPUSCHs for different groups of UEs may reduce transmit power variation.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a federated learning 300 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.In some examples, the federated learning technique 300 may implementaspects of wireless communication system 100. The federated learningtechnique 300 may include UE 115-d, UE 115-e, and base station 305,which may be examples of UEs 115 and a base station 105 as describedwith reference to FIG. 1 .

The federated learning technique 300 may support updating a global datamodel 325 based on a plurality of local data models 310. In some cases,a data model may correspond to a neural network, and a global data modelmay correspond to a general data model. UE 115-d may generate local datamodel 310-a based on local data set 315-a and transmit a set ofparameters or gradients corresponding to local data model 310-a across amultiple access channel 320-a to the base station 305. UE 115-e maygenerate local data model 310-b based on local data set 315-b andtransmit a set of parameters or gradients corresponding to local datamodel 310-b across the multiple access channel 320-b to the base station305. UE 115-d and UE 115-e may modulate the sets of parameters orgradients into a sequence of symbols, divide the sequence of symbolsinto data blocks, and transmit each data block across the multipleaccess channel 320 in an OFDM symbol, where one parameter or gradient istransmitted across a subchannel of the multiple access channel 320during the OFDM symbol. The transmit power for a subchannel may beselected to mitigate channel fade.

The base station 305 may receive a set of aggregate parameters oraggregate gradients corresponding to the parameters or gradients of thelocal models 310. The base station 305 may calculate a set of averageparameters or average gradients, update the global model with the set ofaverage parameters or average gradients, and broadcast the updatedparameters or gradients of the global model 325 to the UEs 115 viabroadcast channel 330-a and 330-b. In some cases, the UEs 115 may trainthe local models 310 and determine the local parameters or gradientsbased on receiving a training indication from the base station 305.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a process flow 400 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.In some examples, process flow 400 may implement aspects of wirelesscommunication system 100. The process flow 400 includes UE 115-f, UE115-g, and base station 105-b (e.g., a, which may be examples of thecorresponding devices described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 3 .Base station 105-a may configure UE 115-f or UE 115-g for over the aircomputation, which may decrease latency, reduce radio resource usage,and increase data privacy. Alternative examples of the following may beimplemented, where some steps are performed in a different order thandescribed or are not performed at all. In some cases, steps may includeadditional features not mentioned below, or further steps may be added.

At 405-a, base station 105-b (e.g., an edge server, a remote parameterserver, a base station, etc.) may transmit an indication of aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal to UE 115-f. At 405-b, base station 105-b may additionallytransmit an indication of a configuration for processing a data blockinto an unencoded uplink signal to UE 115-f. In some cases, theconfiguration sent to UE 115-f may be the same as the configuration sentto UE 115-g, while in some cases, the configuration sent to UE 115-f maybe different from the configuration sent to UE 115-g.

At 410-a, UE 115-f may determine a plurality of pre-equalizationparameters corresponding to the unencoded uplink signal based on theindication of the configuration. At 410-b, UE 115-g may determine aplurality of pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencodeduplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. In somecases, the plurality of pre-equalization parameters determined by UE115-f may be the same as the plurality of pre-equalization parametersdetermined by UE 115-g, while in some examples, the plurality ofpre-equalization parameters determined by UE 115-f may be different fromthe plurality of pre-equalization parameters determined by UE 115-g. Forexample, UE 115-f may be in a first group of UEs and associated with afirst configuration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal, and UE 115-g may be in a second group of UEs and associated witha second configuration for processing a data block into an unencodeduplink signal. As such, UE 115-f may determine a plurality ofpre-equalization parameters that are different from the plurality ofpre-equalization parameters determined by UE 115-g.

At 410-a, UE 115-f may apply analog modulation (e.g., analog amplitudemodulation, analog frequency modulation, analog phase modulation, etc.)and the pre-equalization parameters to the data block to form theunencoded uplink signal. At 410-b, UE 115-g may apply analog modulation(e.g., analog amplitude modulation) and the pre-equalization parametersto the data block to form the unencoded uplink signal.

At 420-a, UE 115-f may transmit the unencoded uplink signal onoverlapping time-frequency resources (e.g., over a multiple accesschannel) with UE 115-g. For example, at 420-b, UE 115-g may transmit theunencoded uplink signal on the same overlapping time-frequencyresources.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram 500 of a device 505 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The device 505 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as describedherein. The device 505 may include a receiver 510, a communicationsmanager 515, and a transmitter 520. The device 505 may also include aprocessor. Each of these components may be in communication with oneanother (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver 510 may receive information such as packets, user data, orcontrol information associated with various information channels (e.g.,control channels, data channels, and information related topre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning, etc.). Information may be passed on to othercomponents of the device 505. The receiver 510 may be an example ofaspects of the transceiver 820 described with reference to FIG. 8 . Thereceiver 510 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communications manager 515 may receive an indication of aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal, determine, based on the indication of the configuration,pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencoded uplinksignal, apply analog modulation and the pre-equalization parameters tothe data block to form the unencoded uplink signal, and transmit theunencoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with oneor more other UEs according to an over the air computation operation.The communications manager 515 may be an example of aspects of thecommunications manager 810 described herein.

The communications manager 515, or its sub-components, may beimplemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by aprocessor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executedby a processor, the functions of the communications manager 515, or itssub-components may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a FPGA or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described in the present disclosure.

The communications manager 515, or its sub-components, may be physicallylocated at various positions, including being distributed such thatportions of functions are implemented at different physical locations byone or more physical components. In some examples, the communicationsmanager 515, or its sub-components, may be a separate and distinctcomponent in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.In some examples, the communications manager 515, or its sub-components,may be combined with one or more other hardware components, includingbut not limited to an input/output (I/O) component, a transceiver, anetwork server, another computing device, one or more other componentsdescribed in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

The transmitter 520 may transmit signals generated by other componentsof the device 505. In some examples, the transmitter 520 may becollocated with a receiver 510 in a transceiver module. For example, thetransmitter 520 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 820described with reference to FIG. 8 . The transmitter 520 may utilize asingle antenna or a set of antennas.

The actions performed by the communications manager 515, among otherexamples herein, may be implemented to realize one or more potentialadvantages. For example, communications manager 515 may increaseavailable battery power, communication quality, and data throughput at awireless device (e.g., a UE 115) by supporting the determination ofpre-equalization parameters and power control parameters for the overthe air model aggregation. For example, the configuration ordetermination of pre-equalization parameters may increase the throughputand reduce the latency associated with coordinated uplink transmissionsby multiple UEs 115 in the context of over the air computationoperations. The increase in communication quality and data throughputmay result in increased link performance and decreased overhead based onthe selection of the one or more communication parameters. Accordingly,communications manager 515 may save power and increase battery life at awireless device (e.g., a UE 115) by strategically increasing a qualityof communications at a wireless device (e.g., a UE 115).

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The device 605 may be an example of aspects of a device 505, or a UE 115as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, acommunications manager 615, and a transmitter 635. The device 605 mayalso include a processor. Each of these components may be incommunication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver 610 may receive information such as packets, user data, orcontrol information associated with various information channels (e.g.,control channels, data channels, and information related topre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning, etc.). Information may be passed on to othercomponents of the device 605. The receiver 610 may be an example ofaspects of the transceiver 820 described with reference to FIG. 8 . Thereceiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communications manager 615 may be an example of aspects of thecommunications manager 515 as described herein. The communicationsmanager 615 may include a configuration component 620, apre-equalization parameter component 625, and an uplink signal component630. The communications manager 615 may be an example of aspects of thecommunications manager 810 described herein.

The configuration component 620 may receive an indication of aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal.

The pre-equalization parameter component 625 may determine, based on theindication of the configuration, pre-equalization parameterscorresponding to the unencoded uplink signal.

The uplink signal component 630 may apply analog modulation and thepre-equalization parameters to the data block to form the unencodeduplink signal and transmit the unencoded uplink signal on overlappingtime-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an overthe air computation operation.

The transmitter 635 may transmit signals generated by other componentsof the device 605. In some examples, the transmitter 635 may becollocated with a receiver 610 in a transceiver module. For example, thetransmitter 635 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 820described with reference to FIG. 8 . The transmitter 635 may utilize asingle antenna or a set of antennas.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a communications manager 705 thatsupports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure. The communications manager 705 may be an example ofaspects of a communications manager 515, a communications manager 615,or a communications manager 810 described herein. The communicationsmanager 705 may include a configuration component 710, apre-equalization parameter component 715, an uplink signal component720, a channel inversion coefficient component 725, and a transmit powerscaling component 730. Each of these modules may communicate, directlyor indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The configuration component 710 may receive an indication of aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal.

The pre-equalization parameter component 715 may determine, based on theindication of the configuration, pre-equalization parameterscorresponding to the unencoded uplink signal.

The uplink signal component 720 may apply analog modulation and thepre-equalization parameters to the data block to form the unencodeduplink signal.

In some examples, the uplink signal component 720 may transmit theunencoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with oneor more other UEs according to an over the air computation operation.

The channel inversion coefficient component 725 may determine a set ofchannel inversion coefficients based on the indication of theconfiguration for processing the data block into the unencoded uplinksignal.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 maymeasure one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signalsincluding a channel state information reference signal or asynchronization signal block.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 maycalculate the set of channel inversion coefficients based on measuringthe one or more reference signals.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 maydetermine the one or more references signals based on a transmissionconfiguration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling theunencoded uplink signal.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 mayreceive an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to afrequency domain size for which inversion coefficients remain constant.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 mayreceive an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 maydetermine that an inversion coefficient power for one or more channelinversion coefficients of the set of channel inversion coefficientsexceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 mayscale, for a time period corresponding to the inversion coefficientpower exceeding the inversion coefficient power threshold, the one ormore channel inversion coefficients based on determining that theinversion coefficient power for the one or more channel inversioncoefficients of the set of channel inversion coefficients exceeds theinversion coefficient power threshold.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 mayrefrain from transmitting, for a time period corresponding to theinversion coefficient power exceeding the inversion coefficient powerthreshold, the one or more channel inversion coefficients based ondetermining that the inversion coefficient power for the one or morechannel inversion coefficients of the set of channel inversioncoefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 mayreport on a feedback channel an indication of one or more time periodsfor which transmissions of channel inversion coefficients have beenstopped or scaled based on determining that the inversion coefficientpower for the one or more channel inversion coefficients of the set ofchannel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient powerthreshold.

In some cases, the indication of the inversion coefficient powerthreshold is based on a UE capability report.

In some cases, an indication of the set of channel inversioncoefficients.

The transmit power scaling component 730 may receive an indication of atransmit power scaling factor.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may transmitthe unencoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may receive acontrol message indicating a UE-group-specific transmit power scalingfactor.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may measureone or more reference signals.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may calculatea reference signal received power based on the one or more measuredreference signals.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may transmitthe unencoded uplink signal based on the reference signal receivedpower.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may receive adecibel (dB) value corresponding to the calculated RSRP.

In some cases, the control message includes a group-common DCI, a mediumaccess control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or a RRC message.

FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 thatsupports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of or include thecomponents of device 505, device 605, or a UE 115 as described herein.The device 805 may include components for bi-directional voice and datacommunications including components for transmitting and receivingcommunications, including a communications manager 810, an I/Ocontroller 815, a transceiver 820, an antenna 825, memory 830, and aprocessor 840. These components may be in electronic communication viaone or more buses (e.g., bus 845).

The communications manager 810 may receive an indication of aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal, determine, based on the indication of the configuration,pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencoded uplinksignal, apply analog modulation and the pre-equalization parameters tothe data block to form the unencoded uplink signal, and transmit theunencoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with oneor more other UEs according to an over the air computation operation.

The I/O controller 815 may manage input and output signals for thedevice 805. The I/O controller 815 may also manage peripherals notintegrated into the device 805. In some cases, the I/O controller 815may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral.In some cases, the I/0 controller 815 may utilize an operating systemsuch as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS/2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, oranother known operating system. In other cases, the I/O controller 815may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, atouchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I/O controller 815may be implemented as part of a processor. In some cases, a user mayinteract with the device 805 via the I/O controller 815 or via hardwarecomponents controlled by the I/O controller 815.

The transceiver 820 may communicate bi-directionally, via one or moreantennas, wired, or wireless links as described above. For example, thetransceiver 820 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicatebi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 820may also include a modem to modulate the packets and provide themodulated packets to the antennas for transmission, and to demodulatepackets received from the antennas.

In some cases, the wireless device may include a single antenna 825.However, in some cases the device may have more than one antenna 825,which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiplewireless transmissions.

The memory 830 may include RAM and ROM. The memory 830 may storecomputer-readable, computer-executable code 835 including instructionsthat, when executed, cause the processor to perform various functionsdescribed herein. In some cases, the memory 830 may contain, among otherthings, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operationsuch as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

The processor 840 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, anFPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logiccomponent, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof).In some cases, the processor 840 may be configured to operate a memoryarray using a memory controller. In other cases, a memory controller maybe integrated into the processor 840. The processor 840 may beconfigured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory(e.g., the memory 830) to cause the device 805 to perform variousfunctions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting pre-equalization andpower control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning).

The code 835 may include instructions to implement aspects of thepresent disclosure, including instructions to support wirelesscommunications. The code 835 may be stored in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium such as system memory or other type of memory.In some cases, the code 835 may not be directly executable by theprocessor 840 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled andexecuted) to perform functions described herein.

FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a base station 105 asdescribed herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, acommunications manager 915, and a transmitter 920. The device 905 mayalso include a processor. Each of these components may be incommunication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver 910 may receive information such as packets, user data, orcontrol information associated with various information channels (e.g.,control channels, data channels, and information related topre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning, etc.). Information may be passed on to othercomponents of the device 905. The receiver 910 may be an example ofaspects of the transceiver 1220 described with reference to FIG. 12 .The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communications manager 915 may determine a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal, transmit, basedon the configuration, an indication of the configuration to a first UE,receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs including the first UEon overlapping time-frequency resources between the set of UEs, anddetermine, based on the indication of the configuration, an indicationof the unencoded uplink signal according to an over the air computationoperation. The communications manager 915 may be an example of aspectsof the communications manager 1210 described herein.

The communications manager 915, or its sub-components, may beimplemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by aprocessor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executedby a processor, the functions of the communications manager 915, or itssub-components may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a FPGA or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described in the present disclosure.

The communications manager 915, or its sub-components, may be physicallylocated at various positions, including being distributed such thatportions of functions are implemented at different physical locations byone or more physical components. In some examples, the communicationsmanager 915, or its sub-components, may be a separate and distinctcomponent in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.In some examples, the communications manager 915, or its sub-components,may be combined with one or more other hardware components, includingbut not limited to an input/output (I/O) component, a transceiver, anetwork server, another computing device, one or more other componentsdescribed in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

The transmitter 920 may transmit signals generated by other componentsof the device 905. In some examples, the transmitter 920 may becollocated with a receiver 910 in a transceiver module. For example, thetransmitter 920 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1220described with reference to FIG. 12 . The transmitter 920 may utilize asingle antenna or a set of antennas.

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905, or a basestation 105 as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver1010, a communications manager 1015, and a transmitter 1035. The device1005 may also include a processor. Each of these components may be incommunication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver 1010 may receive information such as packets, user data, orcontrol information associated with various information channels (e.g.,control channels, data channels, and information related topre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning, etc.). Information may be passed on to othercomponents of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may be an example ofaspects of the transceiver 1220 described with reference to FIG. 12 .The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communications manager 1015 may be an example of aspects of thecommunications manager 915 as described herein. The communicationsmanager 1015 may include a configuration manager 1020, a waveformmanager 1025, and an uplink signal manager 1030. The communicationsmanager 1015 may be an example of aspects of the communications manager1210 described herein.

The configuration manager 1020 may determine a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal and transmit,based on the configuration, an indication of the configuration to afirst UE.

The waveform manager 1025 may receive a superimposed waveform from a setof UEs including the first UE on overlapping time-frequency resourcesbetween the set of UEs.

The uplink signal manager 1030 may determine, based on the indication ofthe configuration, an indication of the unencoded uplink signalaccording to an over the air computation operation.

The transmitter 1035 may transmit signals generated by other componentsof the device 1005. In some examples, the transmitter 1035 may becollocated with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. For example,the transmitter 1035 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver1220 described with reference to FIG. 12 . The transmitter 1035 mayutilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.

FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1105 thatsupports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure. The communications manager 1105 may be an example ofaspects of a communications manager 915, a communications manager 1015,or a communications manager 1210 described herein. The communicationsmanager 1105 may include a configuration manager 1110, a waveformmanager 1115, an uplink signal manager 1120, a channel inversioncoefficient manager 1125, and a transmit power scaling manager 1130.Each of these modules may communicate, directly or indirectly, with oneanother (e.g., via one or more buses).

The configuration manager 1110 may determine a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal.

In some examples, the configuration manager 1110 may transmit, based onthe configuration, an indication of the configuration to a first UE.

The waveform manager 1115 may receive a superimposed waveform from a setof UEs including the first UE on overlapping time-frequency resourcesbetween the set of UEs.

The uplink signal manager 1120 may determine, based on the indication ofthe configuration, an indication of the unencoded uplink signalaccording to an over the air computation operation.

The channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may transmit one or morereference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channelstate information reference signal or a synchronization signal block.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 mayreceive the unencoded uplink signal including the set of channelinversion coefficients, where the set of channel inversion coefficientsare based on the one or more reference signals.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 maytransmit a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplinkgrant scheduling the unencoded uplink signal.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 maytransmit the one or more reference signals based on the transmissionconfiguration indication.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 maytransmit an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to afrequency domain size for which inversion coefficients remain constant.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 mayreceive the unencoded uplink signal including the set of channelinversion coefficients, where the set of channel inversion coefficientsare based on the inversion granularity.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 maytransmit an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 mayreceive on a feedback channel an indication of one or more time periodsfor which transmissions of channel inversion coefficients have beenstopped or scaled based on determining that an inversion coefficientpower for one or more channel inversion coefficients of the set ofchannel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient powerthreshold.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 maytransmit an indication of the set of channel inversion coefficients.

In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 mayreceive the unencoded uplink signal including the set of channelinversion coefficients.

In some cases, the unencoded uplink signal includes a set of channelinversion coefficients.

In some cases, the indication of the inversion coefficient powerthreshold is based on a UE capability report.

The transmit power scaling manager 1130 may transmit an indication of atransmit power scaling factor.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may receivethe unencoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may transmit acontrol message indicating a UE-group-specific transmit power scalingfactor.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may transmitone or more reference signals.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may receivethe unencoded uplink signal based on a reference signal received powercorresponding to the one or more reference signals.

In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may transmit adecibel (dB) value corresponding to the reference signal received power.

In some cases, the control message includes a group-common DCI, a mediumaccess control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or a RRC message.

FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 thatsupports pre-equalization and power control for over-the-air modelaggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of or include thecomponents of device 905, device 1005, or a base station 105 asdescribed herein. The device 1205 may include components forbi-directional voice and data communications including components fortransmitting and receiving communications, including a communicationsmanager 1210, a network communications manager 1215, a transceiver 1220,an antenna 1225, memory 1230, a processor 1240, and an inter-stationcommunications manager 1245. These components may be in electroniccommunication via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1250).

The communications manager 1210 may determine a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal, transmit, basedon the configuration, an indication of the configuration to a first UE,receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs including the first UEon overlapping time-frequency resources between the set of UEs, anddetermine, based on the indication of the configuration, an indicationof the unencoded uplink signal according to an over the air computationoperation.

The network communications manager 1215 may manage communications withthe core network (e.g., via one or more wired backhaul links). Forexample, the network communications manager 1215 may manage the transferof data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115.

The transceiver 1220 may communicate bi-directionally, via one or moreantennas, wired, or wireless links as described above. For example, thetransceiver 1220 may represent a wireless transceiver and maycommunicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. Thetransceiver 1220 may also include a modem to modulate the packets andprovide the modulated packets to the antennas for transmission, and todemodulate packets received from the antennas.

In some cases, the wireless device may include a single antenna 1225.However, in some cases the device may have more than one antenna 1225,which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiplewireless transmissions.

The memory 1230 may include RAM, ROM, or a combination thereof. Thememory 1230 may store computer-readable code 1235 including instructionsthat, when executed by a processor (e.g., the processor 1240) cause thedevice to perform various functions described herein. In some cases, thememory 1230 may contain, among other things, a BIOS which may controlbasic hardware or software operation such as the interaction withperipheral components or devices.

The processor 1240 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, anFPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logiccomponent, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof).In some cases, the processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memoryarray using a memory controller. In some cases, a memory controller maybe integrated into processor 1240. The processor 1240 may be configuredto execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., thememory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions(e.g., functions or tasks supporting pre-equalization and power controlfor over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning).

The inter-station communications manager 1245 may manage communicationswith other base station 105, and may include a controller or schedulerfor controlling communications with UEs 115 in cooperation with otherbase stations 105. For example, the inter-station communications manager1245 may coordinate scheduling for transmissions to UEs 115 for variousinterference mitigation techniques such as beamforming or jointtransmission. In some examples, the inter-station communications manager1245 may provide an X2 interface within an LTE/LTE-A wirelesscommunication network technology to provide communication between basestations 105.

The code 1235 may include instructions to implement aspects of thepresent disclosure, including instructions to support wirelesscommunications. The code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium such as system memory or other type of memory.In some cases, the code 1235 may not be directly executable by theprocessor 1240 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled andexecuted) to perform functions described herein.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The operations of method 1300 may be implemented by a UE 115 or itscomponents as described herein. For example, the operations of method1300 may be performed by a communications manager as described withreference to FIGS. 5 through 8 . In some examples, a UE may execute aset of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE toperform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, aUE may perform aspects of the functions described below usingspecial-purpose hardware.

At 1305, the UE may receive an indication of a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal. The operationsof 1305 may be performed according to the methods described herein. Insome examples, aspects of the operations of 1305 may be performed by aconfiguration component as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.

At 1310, the UE may determine, based on the indication of theconfiguration, pre-equalization parameters corresponding to theunencoded uplink signal. The operations of 1310 may be performedaccording to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects ofthe operations of 1310 may be performed by a pre-equalization parametercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8 .

At 1315, the UE may apply analog modulation and the pre-equalizationparameters to the data block to form the unencoded uplink signal. Theoperations of 1315 may be performed according to the methods describedherein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1315 may beperformed by an uplink signal component as described with reference toFIGS. 5 through 8 .

At 1320, the UE may transmit the unencoded uplink signal on overlappingtime-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an overthe air computation operation. The operations of 1320 may be performedaccording to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects ofthe operations of 1320 may be performed by an uplink signal component asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8 .

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The operations of method 1400 may be implemented by a UE 115 or itscomponents as described herein. For example, the operations of method1400 may be performed by a communications manager as described withreference to FIGS. 5 through 8 . In some examples, a UE may execute aset of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE toperform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, aUE may perform aspects of the functions described below usingspecial-purpose hardware.

At 1405, the UE may receive an indication of a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal. The operationsof 1405 may be performed according to the methods described herein. Insome examples, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed by aconfiguration component as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.

At 1410, the UE may determine, based on the indication of theconfiguration, pre-equalization parameters corresponding to theunencoded uplink signal. The operations of 1410 may be performedaccording to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects ofthe operations of 1410 may be performed by a pre-equalization parametercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8 .

At 1415, the UE may apply analog modulation and the pre-equalizationparameters to the data block to form the unencoded uplink signal. Theoperations of 1415 may be performed according to the methods describedherein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1415 may beperformed by an uplink signal component as described with reference toFIGS. 5 through 8 .

At 1420, the UE may transmit the unencoded uplink signal on overlappingtime-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an overthe air computation operation. The operations of 1420 may be performedaccording to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects ofthe operations of 1420 may be performed by an uplink signal component asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8 .

At 1425, the UE may determine a set of channel inversion coefficientsbased on the indication of the configuration for processing the datablock into the unencoded uplink signal. The operations of 1425 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1425 may be performed by a channelinversion coefficient component as described with reference to FIGS. 5through 8 .

FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The operations of method 1500 may be implemented by a base station 105or its components as described herein. For example, the operations ofmethod 1500 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 . In some examples, a base stationmay execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements ofthe base station to perform the functions described below. Additionallyor alternatively, a base station may perform aspects of the functionsdescribed below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1505, the base station may determine a configuration for processing adata block into an unencoded uplink signal. The operations of 1505 maybe performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1505 may be performed by aconfiguration manager as described with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12.

At 1510, the base station may transmit, based on the configuration, anindication of the configuration to a first UE. The operations of 1510may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by aconfiguration manager as described with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12.

At 1515, the base station may receive a superimposed waveform from a setof UEs including the first UE on overlapping time-frequency resourcesbetween the set of UEs. The operations of 1515 may be performedaccording to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects ofthe operations of 1515 may be performed by a waveform manager asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 .

At 1520, the base station may determine, based on the indication of theconfiguration, an indication of the unencoded uplink signal according toan over the air computation operation. The operations of 1520 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1520 may be performed by an uplink signalmanager as described with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 .

FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1600 that supportspre-equalization and power control for over-the-air model aggregation infederated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The operations of method 1600 may be implemented by a base station 105or its components as described herein. For example, the operations ofmethod 1600 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 . In some examples, a base stationmay execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements ofthe base station to perform the functions described below. Additionallyor alternatively, a base station may perform aspects of the functionsdescribed below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1605, the base station may determine a configuration for processing adata block into an unencoded uplink signal. The operations of 1605 maybe performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1605 may be performed by aconfiguration manager as described with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12.

At 1610, the base station may transmit, based on the configuration, anindication of the configuration to a first UE. The operations of 1610may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed by aconfiguration manager as described with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12.

At 1615, the base station may receive a superimposed waveform from a setof UEs including the first UE on overlapping time-frequency resourcesbetween the set of UEs. The operations of 1615 may be performedaccording to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects ofthe operations of 1615 may be performed by a waveform manager asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 .

At 1620, the base station may determine, based on the indication of theconfiguration, an indication of the unencoded uplink signal according toan over the air computation operation. The operations of 1620 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1620 may be performed by an uplink signalmanager as described with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 .

At 1625, the base station may transmit an indication of a transmit powerscaling factor. The operations of 1625 may be performed according to themethods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1625 may be performed by a transmit power scaling manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 .

At 1630, the base station may receive the unencoded uplink signal basedon the transmit power scaling factor. The operations of 1630 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1630 may be performed by a transmit powerscaling manager as described with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12 .

It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possibleimplementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearrangedor otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.

Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may bedescribed for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NRterminology may be used in much of the description, the techniquesdescribed herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NRnetworks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable tovarious other wireless communications systems such as Ultra MobileBroadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, aswell as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentionedherein.

Information and signals described herein may be represented using any ofa variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data,instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chipsthat may be referenced throughout the description may be represented byvoltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles,optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

The various illustrative blocks and components described in connectionwith the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be amicroprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be anyprocessor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processormay also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., acombination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, oneor more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any othersuch configuration).

The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, softwareexecuted by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may bestored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are withinthe scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to thenature of software, functions described herein may be implemented usingsoftware executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, orcombinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may alsobe physically located at various positions, including being distributedsuch that portions of functions are implemented at different physicallocations.

Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storagemedia and communication media including any medium that facilitatestransfer of a computer program from one place to another. Anon-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may beaccessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way ofexample, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media mayinclude random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROMor other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used tocarry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions ordata structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose orspecial-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purposeprocessor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readablemedium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website,server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologiessuch as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiberoptic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such asinfrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition ofcomputer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD,laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk andBlu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, whilediscs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the aboveare also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items(e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or“one or more of”) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, alist of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BCor ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “basedon” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions.For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A”may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as usedherein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner asthe phrase “based at least in part on.”

In the appended figures, similar components or features may have thesame reference label. Further, various components of the same type maybe distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a secondlabel that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the firstreference label is used in the specification, the description isapplicable to any one of the similar components having the same firstreference label irrespective of the second reference label, or othersubsequent reference label.

The description set forth herein, in connection with the appendeddrawings, describes example configurations and does not represent allthe examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of theclaims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example,instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous overother examples.” The detailed description includes specific details forthe purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques.These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specificdetails. In some instances, known structures and devices are shown inblock diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of thedescribed examples.

The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinaryskill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications tothe disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in theart, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to othervariations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, thedisclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein,but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principlesand novel features disclosed herein.

1. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE),comprising: receiving an indication of a configuration for processing adata block into an unencoded uplink signal; determining, based at leastin part on the indication of the configuration, pre-equalizationparameters corresponding to the unencoded uplink signal; applying analogmodulation and the pre-equalization parameters to the data block to formthe unencoded uplink signal; and transmitting the unencoded uplinksignal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more otherUEs according to an over the air computation operation.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein determining the pre-equalization parameters comprises:determining a plurality of channel inversion coefficients based at leastin part on the indication of the configuration for processing the datablock into the unencoded uplink signal.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficientscomprises: measuring one or more reference signals, the one or morereference signals comprising a channel state information referencesignal or a synchronization signal block; and calculating the pluralityof channel inversion coefficients based at least in part on measuringthe one or more reference signals.
 4. The method of claim 3, furthercomprising: determining the one or more references signals based atleast in part on a transmission configuration indication indicated by anuplink grant scheduling the unencoded uplink signal.
 5. The method ofclaim 2, wherein determining the plurality of channel inversioncoefficients comprises: receiving an indication of an inversiongranularity corresponding to a frequency domain size for which inversioncoefficients remain constant.
 6. The method of claim 2, whereindetermining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients comprises:receiving an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein the indication of the inversioncoefficient power threshold is based at least in part on a UE capabilityreport.
 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining thatan inversion coefficient power for one or more channel inversioncoefficients of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceedsthe inversion coefficient power threshold.
 9. The method of claim 8,further comprising: scaling, for a time period corresponding to theinversion coefficient power exceeding the inversion coefficient powerthreshold, the one or more channel inversion coefficients based at leastin part on determining that the inversion coefficient power for the oneor more channel inversion coefficients of the plurality of channelinversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient powerthreshold.
 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: refrainingfrom transmitting, for a time period corresponding to the inversioncoefficient power exceeding the inversion coefficient power threshold,the one or more channel inversion coefficients based at least in part ondetermining that the inversion coefficient power for the one or morechannel inversion coefficients of the plurality of channel inversioncoefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.
 11. Themethod of claim 8, further comprising: reporting on a feedback channelan indication of one or more time periods for which transmissions ofchannel inversion coefficients have been stopped or scaled based atleast in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power forthe one or more channel inversion coefficients of the plurality ofchannel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient powerthreshold.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the indication of theconfiguration for processing the data block into the unencoded uplinksignal further comprises an indication of the plurality of channelinversion coefficients.
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving an indication of a transmit power scaling factor; andtransmitting the unencoded uplink signal based at least in part on thetransmit power scaling factor.
 14. The method of claim 13, whereinreceiving the indication of the transmit power scaling factor furthercomprises: receiving a control message indicating a UE-group-specifictransmit power scaling factor.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein thecontrol message comprises a group-common downlink control information(DCI), a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or aradio resource control (RRC) message.
 16. The method of claim 13,further comprising: measuring one or more reference signals; calculatinga reference signal received power based at least in part on the one ormore measured reference signals; and transmitting the unencoded uplinksignal based at least in part on the reference signal received power.17. The method of claim 16, wherein receiving the indication of thetransmit power scaling factor further comprises: receiving a decibel(dB) value corresponding to the calculated RSRP. 18-31. (canceled) 32.An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE),comprising: a processor, memory coupled with the processor; andinstructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor tocause the apparatus to: receive an indication of a configuration forprocessing a data block into an unencoded uplink signal; determine,based at least in part on the indication of the configuration,pre-equalization parameters corresponding to the unencoded uplinksignal; apply analog modulation and the pre-equalization parameters tothe data block to form the unencoded uplink signal; and transmit theunencoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with oneor more other UEs according to an over the air computation operation.33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the instructions to determine thepre-equalization parameters are executable by the processor to cause theapparatus to: determine a plurality of channel inversion coefficientsbased at least in part on the indication of the configuration forprocessing the data block into the unencoded uplink signal. 34-35.(canceled)
 36. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the instructions todetermine the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are executableby the processor to cause the apparatus to: receive an indication of aninversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size for whichinversion coefficients remain constant.
 37. The apparatus of claim 33,wherein the instructions to determine the plurality of channel inversioncoefficients are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:receive an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.38-43. (canceled)
 44. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein theinstructions are further executable by the processor to cause theapparatus to: receive an indication of a transmit power scaling factor;and transmit the unencoded uplink signal based at least in part on thetransmit power scaling factor. 45-48. (canceled)
 49. An apparatus forwireless communication at a network entity, comprising: a processor,memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memoryand executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: determine aconfiguration for processing a data block into an unencoded uplinksignal; transmit, based at least in part on the configuration, anindication of the configuration to a first user equipment (UE); receivea superimposed waveform from a plurality of UEs including the first UEon overlapping time-frequency resources between the plurality of UEs;and determine, based at least in part on the indication of theconfiguration, an indication of the unencoded uplink signal according toan over the air computation operation.
 50. The apparatus of claim 49,wherein the unencoded uplink signal comprises a plurality of channelinversion coefficients.
 51. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein theinstructions are further executable by the processor to cause theapparatus to: transmit one or more reference signals, the one or morereference signals comprising a channel state information referencesignal or a synchronization signal block; and receive the unencodeduplink signal comprising the plurality of channel inversioncoefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversion coefficientsare based at least in part on the one or more reference signals.
 52. Theapparatus of claim 51, wherein the instructions are further executableby the processor to cause the apparatus to: transmit a transmissionconfiguration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling theunencoded uplink signal; and transmit the one or more reference signalsbased at least in part on the transmission configuration indication. 53.The apparatus of claim 50, wherein the instructions are furtherexecutable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: transmit anindication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequencydomain size for which inversion coefficients remain constant; andreceive the unencoded uplink signal comprising the plurality of channelinversion coefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversioncoefficients are based at least in part on the inversion granularity.54. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein the instructions are furtherexecutable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: transmit anindication of an inversion coefficient power threshold. 55-56.(canceled)
 57. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein the instructions arefurther executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: transmitan indication of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients; andreceive the unencoded uplink signal comprising the plurality of channelinversion coefficients.
 58. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein theinstructions are further executable by the processor to cause theapparatus to: transmit an indication of a transmit power scaling factor;and receive the unencoded uplink signal based at least in part on thetransmit power scaling factor. 59-95. (canceled)